Patient presents with complaints of chronic low back pain, radiating pain to the leg, or lumbar radiculopathy, consistent with symptoms of lumbar spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, or spondylolisthesis.  Onset of pain is described as gradual or acute, exacerbated by activities such as bending, lifting, or prolonged standing, and relieved by rest or changes in position.  Physical examination reveals tenderness to palpation in the lumbar spine, limited range of motion, and possible neurological deficits such as muscle weakness, sensory loss, or diminished reflexes in the lower extremities.  Imaging studies, including X-ray, CT scan, or MRI of the lumbar spine, demonstrate evidence of degenerative changes, disc herniation, nerve root compression, or instability.  Diagnosis of lumbar fusion is considered based on clinical presentation, physical examination findings, and imaging results.  Conservative treatment options, such as physical therapy, pain medication, and epidural steroid injections, have been explored with limited or no success.  Surgical intervention in the form of lumbar fusion is recommended to address the underlying spinal pathology, alleviate pain, improve stability, and restore function.  Risks and benefits of the procedure, including potential complications such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and non-union, were discussed with the patient.  The patient understands the procedure and provides informed consent.  Preoperative clearance obtained.  Scheduled for anterior or posterior lumbar interbody fusion, depending on the specific spinal levels involved and the surgical approach determined.  Postoperative care will include pain management, physical therapy, and regular follow-up appointments to monitor healing and functional progress.