Patient presents with a chief complaint of upper back curvature, consistent with thoracic kyphosis.  Examination reveals an exaggerated convex curvature of the thoracic spine.  The patient reports symptoms including back pain, stiffness, and potentially decreased lung capacity depending on the severity of the curve.  Visual inspection and palpation confirm the increased thoracic kyphosis.  The Cobb angle, measured from radiographic imaging (thoracic spine x-ray, standing), is documented to quantify the degree of curvature.  Differential diagnosis includes postural kyphosis, Scheuermann's kyphosis, congenital kyphosis, and kyphosis secondary to other conditions such as osteoporosis or neuromuscular disorders.  Assessment includes evaluation of the patient's age, medical history, family history, and presence of any neurological deficits.  Treatment plan is dependent on the severity of the kyphosis and underlying etiology.  Conservative management may include observation, physical therapy focusing on postural exercises, and pain management with over-the-counter analgesics or prescribed medications.  Bracing may be considered for adolescent patients with progressive curves.  Surgical intervention, such as spinal fusion, may be indicated for severe cases with significant pain, neurological compromise, or cardiopulmonary dysfunction.  Patient education regarding posture, exercises, and proper body mechanics is essential.  Follow-up appointments are scheduled to monitor curve progression and treatment efficacy.  ICD-10 codes M40.00-M40.59 are considered based on the specific type of kyphosis.